Study of Electronics

 Electronics ..........

filters-capacitive filter,inductive  filter

the above components used to study HPF,LPF

Multimeters
Analog multimeter
Digital multimeter...
Beep sound and zero reading does not count.
Reading shows number values count.
Common -other way com-negative black pin of DMM.
Voltage-vol other way-red pin of DMM..

Transistor characteristics can be studied
With p-n junction diodes

BJT circuit
Forward and reverse bias........
FB and FB.-saturation-digital 
FB and RB-Amplify-analog
RB and FB-cutoff-analog
RB and RB..attenuator-digital

RB-reverse bias, FB-forward bias..
Amplify,Active region, saturation region, cut off region, ....
capacitor is used for energy storage and used
Further....
Capacitor types -
polarised,
non-polarised-regular ,
variable capacitors....
BJT npn, pnp..... BJT shows punch through effect-early effect -CCD
Fet-unipolar -nchannel, pchannel...FET shows pinch off effect...
Mosfet...

Laser diode-population inversion 

Mos capacitor-flat band voltage-VCD

Electronic drift current nE,

Electron diffusion current dn/dx

Hole drift current pE.

Hole diffusion current -dp/dx.

LED active display -pn diode -compounds of gallium are used in LED,GaAs LED emits radiation in IR region 

LED works(glow) in forward bias only

LCD pssive display -optical polarises one in front and other back needed 

Power consumption Of LCD less than LED 

CMOS device's are used in Microprocessors 

UJT - variable transistor -B1,B2...
Capacitors -electrolytic, ceramic.....
IC's-SIP, DIP, QIP, PGA, BGA, PLCC, Loaded chip carrier...

MP-CPU,ALU,Registers-

Example-8086,8085,i3,i5,i7 AMD-vonneuman,Archtecture,GPP,more hardware,high power consumption,unidirectional,stored in same memory (data and program)

uses RAM for data and code,,common bus for address,data/code,serial and more cycles

MC-along with cpu,registers,ALU

timer,counter,input-output,Memeroy-RAM/,ROM,Serial communication-buses

Example 8051-Harvard Architecture,RAM-DATA,CODE-ROM,seperate memory for address and code(program)/data,parallel and less cycles

ASP,less hardware,low power consumption,embedded systems,bidirectional,storedin different memory

AVR,PIC,ARM
Registers of MC-Accumulator,R register,B-register,DPTR-Data pointer,Program counter,Stack pointer..

8051...

External interrupts-INT0,INT1,T0,T1

On chip RAM-128 bit RAM 

00H-1FH 32 bit FOUR register banks

 register bank 0,bank1, bank 2,bank3

20H-2FH 16 bit-bit addressable area

30H-6FH 80 bit General purpose RAM area

Total 128 bit on chip RAM 

On chip ROM

4k bytes of internal ROM.  0000H-0FFFH

Input output ports

Timers and counters

Serial data I/O

Bus control

4 I/O ports -Address/Data-P0,P1,P2,P3

Serial port-TxD,RxD

Oscillator 

Interrupt control

Counter inputs -ETC,timer0,timer1

CPU with all above terms connected with data /address system buses on single 8051MC chip of 40pins

 SFRs -21 special function registers of 8051 Micro controller 

Types of RAM -DDR,DDR2,DDR3,DDR4,DDR5

M.2 sizes

M.2 22110

M.2 2280

M.2 2260

M.2 2242

M.2 2230

SSD form factors 

SATA 2.5

M.2 SATA

m SATA 

PCI e

NVme

CPU sizes 

Mini ATI-6.7inchx6.7inch

Micro ATX -9.6inchx9.6inch

MID ATX-12inchx9.6inch

E-ATX-12inchx13inch

Types of USB

USB -A

USB -B

USB-C

USB MICRO -normal pin

USB-MINiI

lightning -bluetooth pin 

Mobile phone components 

CPU,GPU-2no.,RAM-2numbers,sim card slot 

NAND flash,display connecter,speaker, battery connecter,camera module, vibrator, charging IC,mic,button

Power IC

Network IC

BT IC

WiFi IC

Jack

Charging connector 

Resistor SMD, capacitor SMD,fuse coil,camera,

Ringer,button, middle,coil-100,4.7k

SMD diode,SMD register 0805, earphone Jack,sensor, network wire 

Mobile repair equipment 

Iron stand, soldering wire,flux paste, soldering rod

Tweezers, openers, thinner,screw driver,brushes,

SMD blower,BGA kit, PCB holder,DC Power supply,Rosin, microscope,glue, Multimeter,booster ,jumper wire,desolder wire,cutter,eagle Blade,seperater ..